A. Introduction
Phonological
rules are part of communication through language, whether spoken or written,
and knowing what they are and why they exist can help us better understand our
world. Understanding phonological rules is considered an important aspect in
teaching English or working with people who have speech problem.
Phonological
rules are commonly used in generative phonology as a nation to capture
sound-related operations and computations the human brain perform when
producing or comprehending spoken language. They may use phonetic nation or
distintive feature or both.
In
order to understand the puepose of phonological rules, we need to understand
what a phoneme is. According to the
traditional phonological theories a phoneme is the minimal unit in the sounds
system of a language. Phonological rules are the rules wheter written or spoken
that control how sounds change during vocal communication.
When
speakers blur distinctiveness in favor of articulatory ease, they are usually
making sounds more alike. So speaker choose to make the easiest sound, which
most resembles the next sound. That way, they only have to make one oral
constriction for to sounds. The sounds is assimilated in its place of
articulation to the following consonant. This is called assimilation. On the
other hand making one sound more like another is one way of pandering to the
speaker.
B. Discussion
A
phonological is a formal way of expressing a systematic phonological or
morphological process or diachronic sound change in language. Phonological
rules are commonly use in generative phonology as a notation to capture
sounf-related operations and computations the human brain performs when
producing or comprehending spoken language. Phonological rules describe how
phonomes are realized as their allophones in a given environment. Environment
in phonology typically refers to neighboring phonemes. They may use phonetic
notation or distinctive features or both. John Golden Smith (1995) defines
phonological rules as mapping between two different levels of sounds
represantation in this case, the abstract or underlying level and the surface
level.
Kinds
of phonological rules. Different language have different rules, however there
are some typical kinds of rules tha are very common:
1.
Assimilation
Phonological
process in which a sound changes to resemble a nerby sound and can occur both
forward and backward. Hyman (1952) states that assimilation refers to all
adaptive modifications of a segment in chain of segments by a neighboring
segment.
According to Driven (2004), assimilation is a process whereby one sound causes
an adjacent sound to be “more similar” to itsef. This the kind of the rule taht
occurs in the English plural described above-the sound becomes voived or
voiceless depending on weather or not the preceding consonant is voiced.
Concerning
types of assimilation, Hyman suggest that scholars classify assimilation
diffrently and he present the following figure for this classification.
Assimilation patterns manifest three sub-types:
1)
Phonetic,
free variation or contextual assimilation. The change effects a certain segment
by selecting a certain variant of that segment.
For example, /m/ in triumph and nymph
is rendered [ɱ]
(labiodental
nasal) instead of bilabial [m].
Similarly,
infant /n/ is often rendered as [ɱ].
Also, /I/
is devoiced after /f/ and /k/ in flight and clean and lips are
rounded in the articulation of /p/, /k/, and /I/ in pool, cool, loom,
respectively due to the occurance of rounded vowel /u:/ immediately after these
consonant segments.
2)
Phonemic
assimilation is often referred to as “ neutralisation” or “syncretism”. This is
more systematized, i.e., not subject to free variation. It also result in the
neutralization of two phonomes.
For
example: /n/ and /ƞ/ are neutralized in think
/Ɵiƞk/, /v/ and /f/ in have to/haft tu/, /z/ and /s/ in newspaper
/ ‘nju:speipǝ/, and so on.
3)
Morphological
or morphophonemic assimilation is one which effects a whole morpheme. It
usually decides the morphome variant (allomorph) according to morphophonemic
rule.
Another
way in which assimilation process can be seen is in terms of whether a vowel or
consonant acquires vowel or consonant features of a neighboring segment
2. Dissimilation
When a sound changes one of its features to become less similar to an adjacent sound,
usually to make the two sounds more distinguishable. This type of rule is often
seen among people speaking a language that is not their native language where
the sound contrasts may be difficult so the rule is applied for ease of
production and perception. In
other words, a phonological process that changes feature values of segments to
make them less similar. Example: manner dissimilation where stop becomes a
fricative when followed by another stop. The word sixth is pronounced sikst.
Annual annular
Sexual secular
Cultural cellular(cell)
3. Deletion
Deletion
is the omission of one or more sounds such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole
syllabel in a word or phrase. Finally, there are types of pronounciation
process where sounds are left off.
Example: English is a fast/common speech
language, so vowels can be delated to make the word one syllable, and easier to
pronounce in a fast manner. Police become plice, and friendship is said as
frienship. When a sound, such as a stressless syllable or a week consonant, is
not pronounced, for example most America English speakers do not pronounciation
the [d] in “handbag”. When we can predict the environment in which phonomes or
allophonemes will occur, we can write a rule that represents their
distribution.
The
general from a phonological rule is : A®B/C _D. “ A becomes B following C and
preceding D”
Example
consider the following words:
Rope –
robe
Lock – log
Cute –
cued
Pick – pig
Tap- tab
4. Metathesis
Metathesis
is one of the changes that takes place in the pronounciation of words is the
linguistic phenomenon and the transposition of sounds or letters in word or (occasionally) of whole words or
syllabels; the result of such a transposition. Two historical example include
Old English becoming Contemporary English.
Phonological
process that changes the order of phonomes
Old
Englis vs. Contemporary
English
Asterix(ks) asterisk
Comfterble comfortable
Integral integral
Reletor realtor
5. Co-articulation
Co-articulation
is the way the brain organizes sequences of vowels and consonants, interweaving
the individual movements necessary forv each into one smooth whole. In its
general sense refers to a situation in which a conceptually isolated speech
sound. There are two types of articulation: anticipatory co-articulation, where
a feature or characteristic of a speech sound is anticepted (assumed) during
the production of a preceding speech sound, and carryover or perseverative
co-articulation, when the effects of a sound are seen during the production of
sound (s) that follow.
Many model
have been developed to account for co-articulation. They include the
look-ahead, articulatory syllable, time-looked, window, coproduction, and
articulatory.
Co-articulation
in phonetics refers two different phenomena:
a.
The
assimilation of the place of articulation of one speech sound to that of an
adjacent speech sound. For example, while the sound /n/ of English normally has
an alveolar place or articulation, in the word tenth is pronounced with a dental place of articulation because the
following sound /Ɵ/ . is dental.
b.
The
production of a co-articulated consonant that is, a consonant with two
simultaneouns plaves of articulation. An example o such a sound is the
voiceless labial-velar plosive /kp/ found in many West in African languages.
6. The Function of Phonological Rule
The function
of phonological rules in a grammar is to provid the phonetic information
necessary for the pronounciation of utterance. The application of rules in this
way is called derivation. We have given a number of examples of derivation,
which show how phonemically oral vowels become nasalized, how phonemically
unaspirated voiceless stops become aspirated, how contrastive
Phonological
rules have a number of functions, among
them are the following:
a.
Change
features values
b.
Add
new features (distinctive/non distinctive): aspiration in English.
c.
Delete
segments: contraction rules in English.
d.
Add
segments (schwa insertion in plural and past tense)
e.
Recorder
segments (metathesis: sk to[ks]).
f.
Phonological
rules often refer to entire classes of sounds rather than to the individual
sounds.
g.
Phonological
rules are generated to account for what occurs in a language, they are not
originally used to describe children’s and disorted speech howefer, they have
been applied to describe children’s and disordered speech.
C. Conclusion
A
phonological rule is a way of expressing a systematics phonological or
morphological process or diachronic sound change in language. Some kind of
phonological rule are assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, metathesis,
co-articulation.
The functin of phonological rule are :
a.
Change
features values
b.
Add
new features (distinctive/non distinctive): aspiration in English.
c.
Delete
segments: contraction rules in English.
d.
Add
segments (schwa insertion in plural and past tense)
e.
Recorder
segments (metathesis: sk to[ks]).
f.
Phonological
rules often refer to entire classes of sounds rather than to the individual
sounds.
g.
Phonological
rules are generated to account for what occurs in a language, they are not
originally used to describe children’s and disorted speech howefer, they have
been applied to describe children’s and disordered speech.
A phonological rule is a formal way of
expressing a systematic phonological or morphophonological process or
diachronic sound change in language.
Reference
A Goldsmith John, (1990). Auto
Segmental and Metrical phonological, Basil-Black
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