UNDERSTANDING SENTENCES
A.Introduction
At the most
basic level reading is the recognition of words. From simple recognition of the
individual letters and hoe these letters particular form a particular word.to
what each word means not just on an individual level, but also part of a text.
In English, as in many other languages, different combinations 0f the same
letters can be used to form different words with complety different meanings.
Recognition of the actual word is not enough on its own to constitute reading.
Understanding
what we are reading is key and is certainly the main point of teaching reading
in a class. It is not much good if our students simply stare at a text and say,
the reading process requires continous practice, development and refinement.
Reading requires creativity angd critical analysis. Costumers of literature
deviate from literal word to create create images that make sense to them in
unfamiliar places the texts describe. Because reading is comple process, it can
not be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations.
There are no
concrete laws in reading., but rather it provides readers an escape to produce
their own products introspectively. This promotes deep exploration of the texts
during interpretation. Readers use a variety of reading strategies to decode
(to translate symbols into sound or visual representations of speech).
B.Discussion
a. The Nature of Sentence
Sentence is a set
of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and
predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and
consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
A sentence is the largest independent
unit of grammar:
it begins with a capital letterand
ends with a period, question mark,
or exclamation point.
The word "sentence" is from the Latin for "to feel." The
adjective form of the word is sentential. The sentence is traditionally (and
inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete
idea and that includes a subject and
a verb.
A sentence is
a group of words that are put together to mean something. sentence is
the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax.
Examples:
1. Today is not a holiday.
2. They are study.
3. She is cooking.
4. You have to master English.
5. We play this game in the class.
b .Sentence
Elements
Sentence element is a part of a sentence that
forms a sentence into a complete sentence so that the sentence has complete
meaning, to start learning English after we have a vocabulary that is quite
possible the next step is we must first understand the sentence elements of the
language we learn without understanding our sentence elements will have
difficulty in composing the correct sentence. The elements can be
subject,verb,object or complement. Complement can be adverb or adjective.Understanding
sentence elements will also make it easier to learn various kinds of tenses in
learning English.
in
general sentence patterns in English are:
1. Subject + verb
Example: I run
2.
Subject + verb + object
Example: I go to home
3. Subject + verb + complement(adv)
Example : sri hates reza
4. Subject + verb + complement(adj)
Example : I am lonely
5. Subject + verb +
object t+ adverb
Example
: I sing a song today
6. Subject+ verb +
object + adverb + adverb
Example
: acha met at iqbal`s house yesterday
So if we want to build a sentence we need at least two elements subject
and verb and it can be more than it
c .Kinds of Sentence
1. Simple sentence
Simple
sentence is a simple sentence that contains a basic unit that builds meaning of
representation and interpersonal.
S + V + Object/Complement
Simple sentence consists of only one clause or at least has a subject and verb or predicate that either requires an object or complement or handle.
Like the example:
a. I am a girl
b. Kitty is a cat
c. My mother is going to the market
d. Let’s hang out together.
e. He gave the children chocolate.
f. She cooks grilled fish every day.
g. He compose a great music.
h. The examination is tomorrow.
i. The event makes us very busy everyday.
j. The song becomes a big hit in this month.
k. There were two cats in his house.
l. Ara sent me a text message this morning.
m. Sarah sent some money to her parents in the village.
2. Compound sentence
Compund
sentence is a type of long sentence that comes from a combination of 2 or more
simple sentences. The simple sentence that is combined is actually an
Independent Clause in the sense that it already has the full meaning of the combination
not being combined.Compound
sentence in English is a sentence consisting of two independent clauses (the
main clause that does not depend on other clauses) connected by coordinating
conjunction (FANBOYS).
Must always be remembered!
Coordinating conjunction consists of FANBOYS, namely:
For = because
And = more information (providing additional information)
Nor = two negatives (designating two negative things)
But = Contrast (contrast / reverse)
Or = alternative (alternative / choice)
Yet = contrast (contrast)
So = result / consequence
The form of compound sentence is Independent clause (Ic), coordinating conjunction (cc),
and Independent clause (IC)
Example:
a. I like cheese cake, for it is
delicious.
b. I like cheese cake, and you like ice
cream.
c. Neither cheesecake, nor ice cream
is good for you
d. I like cheesecake, but I do not like ice cream.
Examples of Compound Sentences and Means Using
FANBOYS Connectors
1.
I can not go out this weekend for my motorcycle is broken.
2.
She didn’t want to play with Jill, and she didn’t want to play with Tim.
3.
He did not answer my calls, nor did he respond to any of my texts
4. There was a meteor
shower in space, but the
crew did not know how to avoid
the meteors.
5. You could cry like a
baby, or you can clean your
room like a man.
6. The little boy did not
like to go to school, yet he
went anyway.
7. She saw a cat run in
front of her, so she
fell down while roller-skating.
3. Complex sentence
Complex sentence in
English is a sentence consisting of at least one dependent clause that is
connected by subordinate conjunctions. The use of subordination conjunction
gives more attention to one clause in the sentence. Words classified as
conjunction subordinates such as:
- Although
- As
- Because
- Before
- Even
though
- if,
even if
- in
order that
- once
- provided
that
- since
- so (that implied), so that
- than
- that
- though
- unless
- when,
whenever
- where,
wherever, whereas
- whether
- while
Examples:
a. I will study harder although I will feel so
tired.
b. After mother tasted the
fried chicken, she declared that she
would not eat it again.
c.I will give you a
call after I get the news.
d.This building is the
place where the accident took place
e. I will not give up
until I achieve my goal.
4. Compound Complex Sentence
Compound Complex Sentence is a sentence whose
structure consists of 2 sentences that
can stand alone (independent) and 1 or more sentences that cannot be
independent. In a compound complex sentence, you can tell 3 events that each
have a subject, a verb and a statement sentence or more.
Just
like complex sentence, in arranging compound complex sentence sentences, you
will also use conjunctions (conjunction) to connect between one sentence and
the other. Compound complex sentence is a combination of compound and complex
sentences. In other words, compound complex sentence is a sentence consisting
of two or more independent clauses and at least there is also one dependent
clause. Notice the example below:
a. Bobo loves Nana because Nana is beautiful and
smart.
b. I love reading because it can bring me to see
the world and it gives me a lot of information about many things.
c. I will
not speak to her unless I need her.
d. Because
you were late, we could not watch the movie from the beginning; and I need to re-watch it again.
e
. I do not like the cookies
that she bakes, but I still eat it.
f. The computer that is broken, needs to be
repaired, but I do not have enough money.
g. The weather is
nice, but we still cannot go to the beach because my father is
sick.
h. What will you do if you get lost in an
isolated island and you are alone with nobody else?J. Unless the meeting is cancelled, I will be sitting
inside the meeting room for I am being asked to take note for the minutes of
meeting
k. That
puzzle is too complicated, but I would like to solve it before somebody else
did.
L. When I feel hungry and my mother is not at
home, I will cook instant noodle.
m. I feel that I am not a possesive girlfriend,
but my boyfriend thinks so
n. Although the fact will be painful for you, I
need to tell you the truth for you are the main reason for that incident to be
happened.
Based on the
intonation, meaning and the use of the sentence, the sentence can also be
divided into five kind.
1. Affirmative Sentence
New sentences (affirmative
sentences) are a type of sentence that is used to notify, convey or inform a
particular purpose whether it is news, announcements and or notifications.
Understanding, Forms, Examples of News Sentences (Affirmative Sentences) So
that it can be concluded that the meaning of news sentences (affirmative
sentences), namely the sentence used to convey something to others in the form
of news, announcements and others that are information.
Examples:
a. She is a lecturer.
b. They are sad.
c. She eats.
d. He work hard
2. Negative Sentence
Negative
sentence is a type of news sentence in which there is a denial that is
characterized by the words "not" and "no". So it can be
concluded that what is meant by a negative news sentence is a news sentence in
which it is a denial that is marked by the words not and not.
Examples:
a. She is not a lecturer
b. They are not sad
c. She does not eat
d. He does not work hard
3. Interrogative Sentence
The
interrogative sentence is a type of sentence that contains questions that are
intended to get responses or answers from other people. Not only forwarded to
others, the question sentence is also often asked to yourself to find an answer
that we do not believe in the truth.
Characteristics of interrogative Sentences
are :
a. Always
end with punctuation ie question mark (?)
b. In
general it starts with question words like what, who, when, where, why, and
how.
c. It is
often accompanied by a suffix, and the particle is for example whether, where?, when?, right? and others.
d. Has two
kinds of intonation, namely in the question sentence which only requires a yes
or no answer, the intonation at the end of the
sentence rises. Whereas in the question sentence that requires a clear answer, the
intonation at the end of the sentence decreases.
1) Yes / No Question
This
question is the question that will be begins that the auxiliaries, to ask that
the statement is correct or not.
Examples :
a. Is she a lecturer ? yes, she does
b. Are they sad ? No, they are not
c. Does he works hard ? Yes. He does
d. Does she eats ? No, she does not
2) WH Question
This
question is a question that are formed by using WH, such as why, who, what,
where,when and how. These question need answer that explains what is being
asked.
Example :
a.How
are you ? I am fine
b.Where
do you live ? I live in Padangsidimpuan
4. Imperative Sentence
Imperative sentence is a type of sentence used to make orders, requests,
or instructions. Imperatives are expressions used to tell other people to do
something, give orders, give advice, make recommendations, or use to share
something with others.
Examples :
a. Please Open the door !
b. Do not step on the grass!
c. Shut up
the window!
d. Let me alone,
please!
5. Exclamatory
Exclamatory sentence is a type of sentence in English that expresses
strong feelings through appeal. This sentence is used to express one's feelings
about something spontaneously, feeling happy, sad, surprised, and so on. At the
end of the exclamatory this sentence always ends with a ‘!’ (Exclamation mark).
Examples :
a.
What a beautiful girl she is!
b. How
cute the cat is!
c. What
a cool day!
CONCLUSION
Language
has a grammar system. In grammar there are five hierarchy of language units.
1.
Sentence. (Sentence)
2.
Clause. (Clause)
3.
Phrasa (Phrase)
4.
Word (Word)
5.
Morphemes
According
to Language Science, sentence (sentence) is a set of words that have at least
one subject and one predicate and contain perfect (complete) understanding. A
sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a dot.
While
the division of sentences in English is divided into:
•
Simple Sentence
•
Compound Sentence
•
Complex Sentence
•
Complex-Compound Sentence
REFERENCES
Geldren,
Elly Van. An introduction To The Grammar
of English. Amsterdam: Jhon Benjamin Publishing company.1999.
Quirk, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English
Language,London: longman,1985
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